Drug Repurposing for COVID-19: A Review and a Novel Strategy to Identify New Targets and Potential Drug Candidates.

In December 2019, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in the province of Wuhan, China. Since then, there have been over 400 million confirmed cases and 5.8 million deaths by COVID-19 reported worldwide. The urgent need for therapies against SARS-CoV-2 led researchers to use drug repurposing approaches. This strategy allows the reduction in risks, time, and costs associated with drug development. In many cases, a repurposed drug can enter directly to preclinical testing and clinical trials, thus accelerating the whole drug discovery process. In this work, we will give a general overview of the main developments in COVID-19 treatment, focusing on the contribution of the drug repurposing paradigm to find effective drugs against this disease. Finally, we will present our findings using a new drug repurposing strategy that identified 11 compounds that may be potentially effective against COVID-19. To our knowledge, seven of these drugs have never been tested against SARS-CoV-2 and are potential candidates for in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate their effectiveness in COVID-19 treatment.

Osteochondral Segond Fracture Associated with Fibular Head Avulsion Fracture - "Arcuate Sign".

A deviated osteochondral fracture of the anterolateral tibia associated with fibular head avulsion in a 50-year-old patient is reported. In general, avulsion fracture of the iliotibial tract is associated with injuries in the cruciate ligament, in the meniscus and in lateral knee structures, as in the case herein reported.

Osteochondral Segond Fracture Associated with Fibular Head Avulsion Fracture -"Arcuate Sign" / Fratura osteocondral de Segond associada a fratura avulsão da cabeça da fíbula -"Sinal do arqueado"

Abstract A deviated osteochondral fracture of the anterolateral tibia associated with fibular head avulsion in a 50-year-old patient is reported. In general, avulsion fracture of the iliotibial tract is associated with injuries in the cruciate ligament, in the meniscus and in lateral knee structures, as in the case herein reported.

Resumo Uma fratura osteocondral desviada da tíbia anterolateral associada a avulsão da cabeça da fíbula em um paciente de 50 anos é relatada. A fratura avulsão do trato iliotibial em geral está associada lesões do ligamento cruzado, do menisco, e das estruturas laterais do joelho, como no caso em questão.

Comparison between rhinometric variables and nasal airing in children with mouth breathing

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the correlation between the values of nasal aeration and geometry of the nasal cavities, before and after nasal cleansing in children with mouth breathing. Methods: 20 children aged 4 to 12 years old were chosen. The questionnaire Identification Index of Signs and Symptoms of Oral breathing was applied and nasal patency was assessed by nasal aeration, through the Altmann graded mirror, and the nasal geometry measured by acoustic rhinometry. After nasal cleansing and massage, the same aeration measurements and nasal geometry procedures were performed. Group normality was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test considering the hypothesis of normal distribution whenever p>0.05. The Spearman's test was applied to analyze the correlation between variables (p<0.05). Results: there was a strong and significant correlation between nasal aeration and the corresponding cross-sectional area of the front of the inferior turbinate (CSA2) in the left cavity before cleansing. There were no correlations between the nasal aeration and other rhinometric variables. Conclusion: there was a correlation between nasal aeration values and the anterior portion of the turbinates, before the massage and nasal cleansing technique, in mouth breathing children. There were no significant differences when the nasal aeration was correlated with other rhinometric variables.

Effect of ethanol pretreatment on melon convective drying.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of ethanol, ultrasound and/or vacuum as a pretreatment to melon drying. Eight types of pretreatments were performed in which samples were immersed in ethanol solutions with different concentrations (50% and 100%) using four treatment conditions: immersion, immersion with ultrasound (US), with vacuum (VC) and with ultrasound and vacuum (USVC). Drying was performed at 60 °C and five different semi-theoretical drying mathematical models were examined to characterize the drying curves, and quality analyses were carried out. The condition that obtained the lower drying time was using the US pretreatment in 100% ethanol solution. Drying caused a diminution of bioactive compounds and influenced color parameters. However, the samples immersed in 50% ethanol solution and dried obtained minor losses of total phenolics, total carotenoids, and ascorbic acid contents.

Incidência e fatores de risco para infecções de sítio cirúrgico ortopédicas com uso de prótese: coorte não concorrente / Incidence and risk factors for orthopedic surgical site infections with prosthesis: non-concurrent cohort

As cirurgias ortopédicas com uso de prótese são procedimentos utilizados para o tratamento de doenças em articulações. Embora seja um procedimento bastante utilizado, o paciente está sujeito as várias complicações e insucesso do tratamento. Entre essas complicações, a infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) é uma das mais prevalentes, com incidências variando entre 1,4% e 12,6%. Para prevenir essa afecção, o acompanhamento da incidência e a monitorização de fatores de risco permitirão adoções de práticas de prevenção baseadas em evidências, visando uma assistência mais segura. Este estudo é uma coorte não concorrente de 149 pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total de quadril (ATQ) e artroplastia total de joelho (ATJ). O objetivo geral foi analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos das infecções de sitio cirúrgico nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia ortopédica, no período de 2015 a 2018 em um hospital de grande porte de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Os objetivos específicos foram estimar a incidência das infecções de sítio cirúrgico; estimar a incidência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) por topografia; identificar os fatores de risco associados à infecção ortopédica; identificar os microorganismos responsáveis pelas infecções e propor modelo preditivo multivariado. Na análise univariada, aplicou-se o teste não paramétrico de Mann Whitney. E para verificar a hipótese de associação entre as variáveis categóricas com os grupos, aplicouse o teste exato de Fisher. Na análise multivariada, aplicou-se o modelo de Regressão Logística (p-valor<0,05.) Foram notificadas seis ISC, com taxa global de 4,03%, todas caracterizadas como superficiais. Nos pacientes que foram submetidos à ATJ, a incidência de ISC foi de 2,94% e os que realizaram ATQ, 4,94%. Os fatores de risco identificados para ISC ortopédicas foram idade e hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Os microorganismos isolados foram Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter baumannii e Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. As taxas de ISC encontradas neste estudo foram maiores que as recomendadas pelo NHSN/CDC.(AU)

Orthopedic surgeries with prosthesis are procedures used for the treatment of diseases in joints. Although it is a widely used procedure, the patient is subject to various complications and treatment failure. Among these complications, surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common, with incidence varying between 1.4% and 12.6%. To prevent this condition, monitoring incidence and monitoring risk factors will allow adoptions of evidencebased prevention practices for safer care. This study is a non-concurrent cohort of 149 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The general objective was to analyze the epidemiological aspects of surgical site infections in patients submitted to orthopedic surgery from 2015 to 2018 at a large hospital in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. The specific objectives were to estimate the incidence of surgical site infections; to estimate the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) by topography; identify the risk factors associated with orthopedic infection; identify the microorganisms responsible for infections and propose a multivariate predictive model. In the univariate analysis, the nonparametric Mann Whitney test was applied. And to verify the hypothesis of association between the categorical variables with the groups, Fisher's exact test was applied. In the multivariate analysis, the Logistic Regression model was applied (p-value <0.05). Six SSIs were reported, with an overall rate of 4.03%, all characterized as superficial. In patients who underwent TKA, the incidence of SSI was 2.94% and those who undergoing TKA, 4.94%. The risk factors identified for orthopedic SSIs were age and systemic arterial hypertension. The isolated microorganisms were Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The SSI rates found in this study were higher than those recommended by the NHSN / CDC.(AU)

Influence of Drying Conditions on the Final Quality of Cherry and Grape Tomatoes

ABSTRACT The convective drying process of cherry and grape tomatoes for dried tomato production was studied taking into account operational and sensorial aspects. The tomatoes were physicochemical characterized and dried at three air temperatures in a drying chamber. Thus, it was possible to the determinate the physicochemical characteristics, drying kinetics, thickness shrinkage, effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy. The effects of tomato type (cherry and grape), air temperature (60°C and 80°C), and final moisture (25% and 35% w.b.) were sensory evaluated utilizing a factorial experiment. The drying kinetics demonstrated that the drying processes occurred preferably in the falling rate-drying periods. The grape tomato showed a faster drying process, which was attributed to its higher surface area and also its internal structure. The sensory evaluation demonstrated that the cherry tomato, dried at lower air temperatures, resulted in better sensorial characteristics and higher purchasing intention, whereas the final moisture had no effect.

Excretory/secretory antigens of Strongyloides venezuelensis applied to IgG detection in human strongyloidosis.

Strongyloidosis is a neglected disease that affects millions of people around the world. The cases that particularly deserve attention are those related to hyperinfection, mainly in immunocompromised patients. In this sense, there is a need to improve the serological diagnosis of this helminth. The objective of this study was therefore to produce and characterize excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens of Strongyloides venezuelensis infective larvae (L3) for use as a heterologous antigen in the diagnosis of human strongyloidosis and other parasitic infection groups. Soluble antigenic preparations were produced as total saline extract (SE), E/S in Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI) and E/S in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The three antigenic preparations showed similar protein bands. An ELISA showed that the E/S antigens were profitable, easy to use, and more sensitive and specific than SE, eliminating cross-reactivity with other parasites in serum samples. The detection of anti-Strongyloides stercoralis in the sera of patients with strongyloidosis and those with immunosuppressive conditions using S. venezuelensis L3 larvae E/S antigens was satisfactory. RPMI and PBS E/S antigens were also superior in terms of specificity than SE.

Tratamento do bruxismo com toxina botulínica tipo A ­ relato de caso / Treatment of bruxism with botulinum toxin type A ­ case report

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar o caso de uma paciente diagnosticada com bruxismo do sono, a qual foi tratada com aplicação de toxina botulínica tipo A. A paciente SBL, 53 anos, compareceu ao consultório odontológico queixando-se de fortes dores faciais e cefaleia matutina. A paciente fazia uso de placa semiflexível para dormir, a qual foi imediatamente substituída por uma placa rígida de acrílico, ajustada de acordo com os critérios de oclusão mutuamente protegida. Devido à dificuldade da paciente em aderir ao uso da placa, optou-se pelo tratamento com toxina botulínica tipo A. O medicamento foi injetado em três pontos do músculo masseter, bilateralmente, na quantidade de 5U em cada ponto. No quinto dia após a aplicação, os primeiros sinais clínicos do efeito do medicamento foram percebidos pela paciente, que foi instruída a suspender o uso da placa miorrelaxante. No retorno de 30 dias, a sensibilidade positiva à palpação do masseter e articulação temporomandibular não estava mais presente. A paciente relatou extrema satisfação com o tratamento, considerando o procedimento indolor e sem efeitos adversos. A frequência das dores reduziu consideravelmente. O tratamento com toxina botulínica mostrou-se eficaz, pouco invasivo e livre de efeitos colaterais, devendo ser considerada uma importante opção para o controle da dor muscular e prevenção dos desgastes dentários em pacientes bruxômanos (AU).

This study aims to report the case of a patient diagnosed with sleep bruxism, who was treated with botulinum toxin type A. Patient SBL, 53 years old, reported strong facial pain and headache during the morning. The patient had been using a semi-flexible splint to sleep, which was immediately replaced by a rigid acrylic splint, adjusted according to the criteria of mutually protected occlusion. Due to patient difficulty to adhere to splint use, the option for the treatment was botulinum toxin type A. The drug was injected in three points of the masseter muscle, bilaterally, 5U at each point. On the fifth day after application, the first clinical signs of drug effect were noticed by the patient, who was instructed to discontinue the use of the occlusal splint. After thirty days, the positive sensitivity of the masseter muscle palpation and temporomandibular joint were not present. The patient reported extreme satisfaction with the treatment, considering it painless and without side effects. The frequency of pain reduced considerably. The treatment with botulinum toxin was effective, minimally invasive, and free of side effects and should be considered an important option for the control of muscle pain and prevention of tooth wear in patients with bruxism (AU).

Change in the nose areas in children with mouth breathing after nasal cleansing and massage. / Mudança nas áreas nasais em crianças com respiração oral após a limpeza e massagem nasal.

PURPOSE: To analyze the changes occurred in the nasal cavity geometry, before and after nasal cleansing, through nasal aeration and acoustic rhinometry in children with oral breathing. METHODS: Twenty children aged four to 12 years were included in the study. The gathering of participants was conducted at the Multifunctional Laboratory of the Speech Pathology Department of the Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE. The following procedures were conducted: Identification Index of Signs and Symptoms of Oral Breathing; marking of nasal expiratory airflow using the graded mirror of Altmann, and examination of the Nasal Geometry by Acoustic Rhinometry. The same procedures were performed after nasal massage and cleansing with saline solution. RESULTS: Significant change was observed in the areas with respect to the nasal airflow on both sides after nasal cleansing and massage. As for nasal geometry, measured by acoustic rhinometry, comparison between the nostrils showed that the effect of cleansing and massage was discrete. CONCLUSION: Nasal aeration measures showed sensitivity to the cleansing and massage technique and measures of nasal geometry confirmed its effect on respiratory physiology.

Mudança nas áreas nasais em crianças com respiração oral após a limpeza e massagem nasal / Change in the nose areas in children with mouth breathing after nasal cleansing and massage

RESUMO A avaliação e quantificação das possíveis alterações da cavidade nasal são necessárias para o auxílio diagnóstico e tratamento de crianças que respiram predominantemente pela boca. O modo respiratório oral pode desencadear distúrbios da fala, deformidades da face, mau posicionamento dos dentes, postura corporal inadequada e alterações no sistema respiratório. Objetivo analisar as mudanças ocorridas na geometria das cavidades nasais, antes e depois da limpeza nasal por meio da aeração nasal e da rinometria acústica em crianças com respiração oral. Método Foram selecionadas 20 crianças com idade entre quatro e 12 anos. A coleta foi realizada no Laboratório Multifuncional do Departamento de Fonoaudiologia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Foi aplicado o Índice de Identificação dos Sinais e Sintomas da Respiração Oral; marcação da aeração nasal por meio do espelho milimetrado de Altmann e o exame da geometria nasal por Rinometria Acústica. Depois da limpeza e massagem nasal com o soro fisiológico, foram realizados os mesmos procedimentos. Resultados Observaram-se mudanças significantes nas áreas relativas ao fluxo aéreo nasal em ambos os lados, após limpeza e massagem nasais. Quanto à geometria nasal, aferida por meio da rinometria acústica, o efeito da limpeza e massagem nasal mostrou-se discreto, quando feita a comparação entre as narinas. Conclusão As medidas de aeração nasal mostraram sensibilidade à técnica de limpeza e massagem e as medidas da geometria nasal confirmaram seu efeito sobre a fisiologia respiratória.

ABSTRACT The evaluation and quantification of possible changes in the nasal cavity can assist in the diagnostics and treatment in children who breathe predominantly through the mouth. The oral breathing mode can initiate speech disorders, facial deformities, poor positioning of the teeth, improper body posture, and changes in the respiratory system. Purpose To analyze the changes occurred in the nasal cavity geometry, before and after nasal cleansing, through nasal aeration and acoustic rhinometry in children with oral breathing. Methods Twenty children aged four to 12 years were included in the study. The gathering of participants was conducted at the Multifunctional Laboratory of the Speech Pathology Department of the Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE. The following procedures were conducted: Identification Index of Signs and Symptoms of Oral Breathing; marking of nasal expiratory airflow using the graded mirror of Altmann, and examination of the Nasal Geometry by Acoustic Rhinometry. The same procedures were performed after nasal massage and cleansing with saline solution. Results Significant change was observed in the areas with respect to the nasal airflow on both sides after nasal cleansing and massage. As for nasal geometry, measured by acoustic rhinometry, comparison between the nostrils showed that the effect of cleansing and massage was discrete. Conclusion Nasal aeration measures showed sensitivity to the cleansing and massage technique and measures of nasal geometry confirmed its effect on respiratory physiology.

Aeração nasal e força muscular respiratória em crianças respiradoras orais / Nasal aeration and respiratory muscle strength in mouth breathers' children

Resumo:OBJETIVO:observar se existe relação entre força muscular respiratória e área da aeração nasal em crianças respiradoras orais.MÉTODOS:trata-se de um estudo do tipo observacional, transversal comparativo entre dois grupos. Participaram 32 crianças com Respiração Oral secundária à rinite alérgica (21 meninos e 11 meninas) e 30 respiradoras nasais sem rinite alérgica (09 meninos e 21 meninas), 7 a 12 anos, submetidas à avaliação da aeração nasal com o espelho de Altmann e à avaliação da força muscular respiratória com o manovacuômetro digital (MVD(r)30).RESULTADOS:não houve correlação entre aeração nasal e força muscular respiratória em cada subgrupo. Houve diferença comparando-se valores das pressões expiratórias máximas entre meninos e meninas respiradores orais (p=0,0064) e entre meninos e meninas respiradores nasais (p=0,0030). Também houve diferença das pressões inspiratórias máximas entre meninos e meninas respiradores orais (p=0,0324) e entre meninos e meninas respiradores nasais (p=0,0210).CONCLUSÃO:não foi possível confirmar a relação entre a área de aeração nasal e a força muscular respiratória nos respiradores orais.

Abstract:PURPOSE:to observe whether there is a relationship between respiratory muscle strength and degree of nasal aeration in Mouth Breathing children.METHODS:this is an observational and a comparative cross-sectional study. The subjects were 32 Mouth Breathing children with allergic rhinitis (21 boys and 11 girls) and 30 nasal breathing without allergic rhinitis (09 boys and 21 girls), 7-12 years, subjected to evaluation for nasal aeration with Altmann mirror and to evaluation of respiratory muscle strength with digital manovacuometer (MVD(r)30).RESULTS:there was no correlation between nasal aeration and respiratory muscle strength in each subgroup. There was difference comparing values ​​of maximal expiratory pressure between mouth breathers boys and girls (p=0,0064), and between nasal breathers boys and girls (p=0,0030). There was also difference maximal inspiratory pressure between mouth breathers boys and girls (p=0,0324), and between nasal breathers boys and girls (p=0,0210).CONCLUSION:it was not possible to confirm that there is a relationship between the degree of nasal aeration and respiratory muscle strength in Mouth Breathing.

Concentração de procedimentos ortopédicos (Alta Complexidade) na Bahia: Análise da situação e proposta de descentralização / Orthopedic procedures concentration (high complexity) in Bahia: Analysis of the situation and proposal of decentralization / Concentración de procedimientos de ortopedia (alta complejidad) en Bahia: Análisis de la situación y propuesta de descentralización

O objetivo do estudo é propor estratégias de descentralização dos Procedimentos Ortopédicos de Alta Complexidade (POAC) no estado da Bahia. Trata-se de análise da frequência e distribuição dos POAC no ano de 2012, comparando o percentual de procedimentos realizados em pacientes residentes ou não na cidade de Salvador. Os resultados apontam que o percentual de procedimentos realizados em Salvador pela população não residente foi de 25,25% do total quando se considerava todos os tipos de Autorização de Internação Hospitalar (AIH). A análise das Autorizações de Internações Hospitalares (AIHs) ortopédicas evidenciou que 35,33% destas era de não residentes, aumentando para 43,0% quando se tratava das AIHs de POAC. A proposta de intervenção elaborada contempla: realização de diagnóstico situacional com relação à oferta de procedimentos ortopédicos de alta complexidade e quadro de Recursos Humanos, além da elaboração e apresentação da proposta de descentralização da oferta às instâncias gestoras para validação e implantação. Concluiu-se que a elaboração de estratégias para descentralizar os POAC, fundamentadas nos princípios e diretrizes do SUS, promovem melhoria do acesso da população a bens e serviços de saúde. A distribuição equânime dos recursos tecnológicos e financeiros para os citados procedimentos e a ampliação do quadro profissional, com estímulo à fixação de especialistas em ortopedia, são estratégias prioritárias.

The objective of this study is to propose decentralization strategies of high complexity orthopedic procedures in the state of Bahia. It consists of an analysis of frequency and distribution of high complexity orthopedic procedures in 2012, comparing the percentage of procedures performed in patients who reside in Salvador to those who do not. The results show that the non-resident population comprises 25.25% of the amount, considering all types of Hospitalization Authorization (HA). The analysis of orthopedic HAs showed its 35.33% were non-residents, increasing to 43.0% as it refers to high complexity orthopedic procedures HAs. The proposal of elaborate intervention includes: conducting situational diagnosis that regards the provision of high complexity orthopedic procedures and human resources staff, besides the elaboration and submission of the proposal of the offer to the management for validation and deployment. In conclusion, the development of strategies to decentralize the high complexity orthopedic procedures, based on the principles and guidelines of SUS, enhances the improvement of the access to health goods and services for the population. In this sense, the equitable distribution of technological and financial resources to the above mentioned procedures and the expansion of professional staff, with stimulus for the establishment of orthopedic specialists, are prioritary strategies.

El objetivo de este estudio es proponer estrategias de descentralización de los procedimientos ortopédicos de alta complejidad (POAC) en el estado de Bahía. Tratase de un análisis de la frecuencia y distribución de POAC en 2012, comparando el porcentaje de procedimientos realizados en pacientes que viven o no en Salvador. Los resultados muestran que el porcentaje de procedimientos realizados en pacientes no residentes fue 25,25% del total considerando todos los tipos de Hospitalización Autorizada (HA). El análisis de las HA ortopédicos, mostró que 35,33% eran no residentes, aumentando para 43,0% cuando se trataba de las HA de POAC. La propuesta de intervención elaborada incluye: realización de diagnóstico de la situación con respecto a la oferta de procedimientos ortopédicos de alta complejidad y el cuadro de recursos humanos, además de la elaboración y presentación de la propuesta de descentralización de la oferta a las instancias administrativas para validación e implantación. Concluyóse que el desarrollo de estrategias para descentralizar los POAC, basadas en los principios y directrices del SUS, promoven la mejoría de la accesibilidad de la población a los servicios de salud. La distribución ecuánime de los recursos tecnológicos y financieros para los procedimientos antes citados y la ampliación del cuadro de personal profesional, con el estimulo a la estabilidad de especialistas, son estrategias prioritarias.

A produção de Dante Moreira Leite (1927-1976) na compreensão das relações étnico-raciais no Brasil / The production of Dante Moreira Leite (1927-1976) in the understanding of ethnic-racial relations in Brazil

Este artigo analisa como as categorias raça, povo, preconceito racial eracismo são compreendidas e se articulam nas produções de Dante MoreiraLeite (1927-1976), procurando dar visibilidade ao pensamento desse psicólogosocial sobre as relações étnico-raciais no Brasil. Desde suas primeirasproduções, o autor demonstra sua contraposição ao preconceito, à intolerância eà dominação, e critica os paradigmas positivistas e etnocêntricos dos ideólogosbrasileiros até meados do século XX, rompendo com a visão de que o Brasilseria um país marcado pela cordialidade e pela harmonia entre os gruposraciais. Com essa crítica, contribui para o enfrentamento da invisibilidade doracismo e do preconceito racial pela psicologia social brasileira. No entanto,como autor de determinado período histórico, cultural e político, Dante aindamobiliza e afirma a categoria raça, não em seu sentido social, utilizado naatualidade como dispositivo para construir e manter privilégios, mas no sentidobiológico, como explicação e justificativa para desigualdades e diferenças. (AU)

This paper analyses how the categories race, people, racial prejudiceand racism are understood and articulated in Dante Moreira Leite thetheoretical productions (1927-1976), seeking to give visibility to the thought ofthis social psychologist on ethnic-racial relations in Brazil. Since his firstproductions, the author demonstrates his opposition to prejudice, intolerance,and domination. He also criticizes the positivist and ethnocentric paradigms ofBrazilian ideologues until mid-twentieth century, breaking with the view thatBrazil is a country marked by cordiality and harmony between racial groups. Itwas very helpful to confront the invisibility of racism and racial prejudice byBrazilian social psychology. However, as an author of early twenty century,Dante still mobilizes and affirms the category race, not in its social sense (usedtoday as a device to build and maintain privileges), but in its biological sense,as an explanation and justification for inequalities and differences. (AU)

Aniela Meyer Ginsberg e os estudos de raça/etnia e intercultura no Brasil / Aniela Meyer Ginsberg and the studies of race/ethnicity and interculture in Brazil / Aniela Meyer Ginsberg et les études de race/ethnie et interculture au Brésil / Aniela Meyer Ginsberg y los estudios de raza/etnia y intercultura en Brasil

Este ensaio delineia as contribuições de Aniela Meyer Ginsberg (1902-1986) para o estudo das relações étnico-raciais e interculturais no Brasil. Sua produção sobre estes temas – entre artigos, capítulos de livros e resumos de congressos – foi nosso objeto central de interesse. Influenciada pela agenda antirracista do pós-guerra, os processos inter e intraculturais, as relações étnico-raciais e as migrações estavam no centro de suas investigações. Aniela é uma personagem importante da história do pensamento psicológico brasileiro, seus estudos sobre raça/ etnia no Brasil configuram-se como estudos intraculturais da sociedade nacional e de suas amplas diversidades. A autora procurou desconstruir a visão determinista biológica das raças/etnias e mostrar que é na interação dos indivíduos com a sociedade que as diferenças podem transformar-se em desigualdades.(AU)

This essay outlines the contributions of Aniela Meyer Ginsberg (1902-1986) for the ethnic-racial and intercultural studies in Brazil. Her productions on these topics – including articles, book chapters and conferences – were our main object of interest. Influenced by the anti-racist agenda of the post-war, inter and intracultural processes, ethnic-racial relations and migration were at the center of her investigations. Aniela is an important character in the history of Brazilian psychological thinking; her studies on race/ethnicity in Brazil are characterized as intracultural studies of national society and its wide diversities. She sought to deconstruct the biological determinist view of the races/ethnicities and show that is in the interaction between individuals and the society that the differences can turn into inequalities.(AU)

Cet article décrit les contributions d’Aniela Meyer Ginsberg (1902-1986) sur les études ethnicoraciales et interculturelles au Brésil. Sa production sur ces sujets – y compris des articles, des chapitres de livres et des résumés de conférences – a été notre principal objet d’intérêt. Influencée par le programme anti raciste de l’après-guerre, les processus inter et intraculturels, les relations ethnicoraciales et la migration étaient au centre de ses investigations. Aniela est un personnage important dans l’histoire de la pensée psychologique brésilienne, ses études sur la race/ethnie au Brésil sont caractérisées comme des études intraculturelles de la société nationale et ses larges diversités. L’...(AU)

Este artículo resume las contribuciones de Aniela Meyer Ginsberg (1902-1986) para el estudio de las relaciones étnico- raciales e interculturales en Brasil. Su producción en estos temas – incluyendo artículos, capítulos de libros y resúmenes de congresos – fue nuestro principal objeto de interés. Bajo la influencia de la agenda anti-racista de lo post-guerra, los procesos intra y interculturales, las relaciones étnico-raciales y la migración están en el centro de sus investigaciones. Aniela es un personaje importante en la historia del pensamiento psicológico brasileño, sus estudios sobre la raza/etnia en Brasil se caracterizan por ser estudios intraculturales de la sociedad nacional y su amplia diversidad. La autora trató de deconstruir la visión determinista biológica de las razas/etnias y mostrar que es en la interacción de los individuos con la sociedad que las diferencias pueden convertirse en desigualdades.(AU)

Aniela Meyer Ginsberg e os estudos de raça/etnia e intercultura no Brasil / Aniela Meyer Ginsberg and the studies of race/ethnicity and interculture in Brazil / Aniela Meyer Ginsberg et les études de race/ethnie et interculture au Brésil / Aniela Meyer Ginsberg y los estudios de raza/etnia y intercultura en Brasil

Este ensaio delineia as contribuições de Aniela Meyer Ginsberg (1902-1986) para o estudo das relações étnico-raciais e interculturais no Brasil. Sua produção sobre estes temas – entre artigos, capítulos de livros e resumos de congressos – foi nosso objeto central de interesse. Influenciada pela agenda antirracista do pós-guerra, os processos inter e intraculturais, as relações étnico-raciais e as migrações estavam no centro de suas investigações. Aniela é uma personagem importante da história do pensamento psicológico brasileiro, seus estudos sobre raça/ etnia no Brasil configuram-se como estudos intraculturais da sociedade nacional e de suas amplas diversidades. A autora procurou desconstruir a visão determinista biológica das raças/etnias e mostrar que é na interação dos indivíduos com a sociedade que as diferenças podem transformar-se em desigualdades...

This essay outlines the contributions of Aniela Meyer Ginsberg (1902-1986) for the ethnic-racial and intercultural studies in Brazil. Her productions on these topics – including articles, book chapters and conferences – were our main object of interest. Influenced by the anti-racist agenda of the post-war, inter and intracultural processes, ethnic-racial relations and migration were at the center of her investigations. Aniela is an important character in the history of Brazilian psychological thinking; her studies on race/ethnicity in Brazil are characterized as intracultural studies of national society and its wide diversities. She sought to deconstruct the biological determinist view of the races/ethnicities and show that is in the interaction between individuals and the society that the differences can turn into inequalities...

Cet article décrit les contributions d’Aniela Meyer Ginsberg (1902-1986) sur les études ethnicoraciales et interculturelles au Brésil. Sa production sur ces sujets – y compris des articles, des chapitres de livres et des résumés de conférences – a été notre principal objet d’intérêt. Influencée par le programme anti raciste de l’après-guerre, les processus inter et intraculturels, les relations ethnicoraciales et la migration étaient au centre de ses investigations. Aniela est un personnage important dans l’histoire de la pensée psychologique brésilienne, ses études sur la race/ethnie au Brésil sont caractérisées comme des études intraculturelles de la société nationale et ses larges diversités. L’...

Este artículo resume las contribuciones de Aniela Meyer Ginsberg (1902-1986) para el estudio de las relaciones étnico- raciales e interculturales en Brasil. Su producción en estos temas – incluyendo artículos, capítulos de libros y resúmenes de congresos – fue nuestro principal objeto de interés. Bajo la influencia de la agenda anti-racista de lo post-guerra, los procesos intra y interculturales, las relaciones étnico-raciales y la migración están en el centro de sus investigaciones. Aniela es un personaje importante en la historia del pensamiento psicológico brasileño, sus estudios sobre la raza/etnia en Brasil se caracterizan por ser estudios intraculturales de la sociedad nacional y su amplia diversidad. La autora trató de deconstruir la visión determinista biológica de las razas/etnias y mostrar que es en la interacción de los individuos con la sociedad que las diferencias pueden convertirse en desigualdades...

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Strength in Mouth Breathers: Clinical Evidences

Introduction The child who chronically breathes through the mouth may develop a weakness of the respiratory muscles. Researchers and clinical are seeking for methods of instrumental evaluation to gather complementary data to clinical evaluations. With this in mind, it is important to evaluate breathing muscles in the child with Mouth Breathing. Objective To develop a review to investigate studies that used evaluation methods of respiratory muscle strength in mouth breathers. Data Synthesis The authors were unanimous in relation to manovacuometry method as a way to evaluate respiratory pressures in Mouth Breathing children. Two of them performed with an analog manovacuometer and the other one, digital. The studies were not evaluated with regard to the method efficacy neither the used instruments. Conclusion There are few studies evaluating respiratory muscle strength in Mouth Breathing people through manovacuometry and the low methodological rigor of the analyzed studies hindered a reliable result to support or refuse the use of this technique...

Masticatory Changes in Oral Breath Secondary to Allergic Rhinitis: Integrative Review

Introduction: The III Brazilian Consensus on Rhinitis (2012) defines allergic rhinitis as a nasal mucosa inflammation, mediated by immunoglobulin E, after exposure to allergens. The classic signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis are nasal obstruction, watery rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal itching, often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment, and mouth breathing (breathing predominantly through the mouth, regardless of the cause, due to a nasal breathing impairment) in some cases. Objective: To evaluate the literature on masticatory changes in children with mouth breathing due to allergic rhinitis. Methods: We conducted a search of the past 10 years, at Bireme and MEDLINE databases, for articles that covered masticatory changes in children with mouth breathing secondary to allergic rhinitis. Results: We found 1,986 articles, including 15 repeated in databases, but only two articles met the inclusion criteria fully. Discussion: We found few studies to answer the question raised in this review, and those studies have some methodological limitations. Most articles claimed no have statistically significant differences in masticatory changes in this population. Conclusion: A better controlled study (isolating diseases, exposure time), with a larger sample (sample calculation appropriate), would be necessary to examine such changes...

Masticatory changes in oral breath secondary to allergic rhinitis: integrative review.

Introduction The III Brazilian Consensus on Rhinitis (2012) defines allergic rhinitis as a nasal mucosa inflammation, mediated by immunoglobulin E, after exposure to allergens. The classic signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis are nasal obstruction, watery rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal itching, often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment, and mouth breathing (breathing predominantly through the mouth, regardless of the cause, due to a nasal breathing impairment) in some cases. Objective To evaluate the literature on masticatory changes in children with mouth breathing due to allergic rhinitis. Methods We conducted a search of the past 10 years, at Bireme and MEDLINE databases, for articles that covered masticatory changes in children with mouth breathing secondary to allergic rhinitis. Results We found 1,986 articles, including 15 repeated in databases, but only two articles met the inclusion criteria fully. Discussion We found few studies to answer the question raised in this review, and those studies have some methodological limitations. Most articles claimed no have statistically significant differences in masticatory changes in this population. Conclusion A better controlled study (isolating diseases, exposure time), with a larger sample (sample calculation appropriate), would be necessary to examine such changes.

Evaluation of respiratory muscle strength in mouth breathers: clinical evidences.

Introduction The child who chronically breathes through the mouth may develop a weakness of the respiratory muscles. Researchers and clinical are seeking for methods of instrumental evaluation to gather complementary data to clinical evaluations. With this in mind, it is important to evaluate breathing muscles in the child with Mouth Breathing. Objective To develop a review to investigate studies that used evaluation methods of respiratory muscle strength in mouth breathers. Data Synthesis The authors were unanimous in relation to manovacuometry method as a way to evaluate respiratory pressures in Mouth Breathing children. Two of them performed with an analog manovacuometer and the other one, digital. The studies were not evaluated with regard to the method efficacy neither the used instruments. Conclusion There are few studies evaluating respiratory muscle strength in Mouth Breathing people through manovacuometry and the low methodological rigor of the analyzed studies hindered a reliable result to support or refuse the use of this technique.